Taha Hafeez

Employment Tribunal and Employment Appeal Tribunal.

1. 01
   Decision ReviewThe written decision and reasons read against the evidence and the law
2. 02
   ReconsiderationWhere it fits, a request that the tribunal reconsider its own decision
3. 03
   GroundsWhether there is an error of law, as the Appeal Tribunal does not rehear the facts
4. 04
   Notice of AppealAppeal lodged with the Employment Appeal Tribunal, with the grounds and the decision under challenge
5. 05
   SiftThe appeal is sifted to see whether it raises an arguable point of law
6. 06
   HearingA full hearing, ending in the appeal being dismissed, allowed or sent back to a tribunal
7. 07
   Onward AppealA further appeal to the Court of Appeal on a point of law, with permission

Advice is given against the rules in force at the time.

First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), under UK immigration law.

1. 01
   DecisionThe refusal letter read to confirm what was refused and whether it carries a right of appeal
2. 02
   GroundsThe grounds of appeal set out, usually human rights, including family and private life
3. 03
   Notice of AppealAppeal lodged with the First-tier Tribunal together with the Home Office decision
4. 04
   EvidenceThe appeal bundle, witness statements and supporting evidence prepared
5. 05
   Home Office ReviewThe Home Office reviews its decision in light of the appeal and the evidence
6. 06
   HearingA judge hears both sides and decides the appeal on the evidence
7. 07
   Onward AppealPermission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal on a point of law, then higher courts

Whether a refusal carries a right of appeal depends on the type of application, so that is established first.

Home Office and Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), under UK immigration law.

1. 01
   Refusal ReasonsThe reasons read against the application and the evidence that was supplied
2. 02
   RouteWhich remedy fits: administrative review, a fresh application or judicial review
3. 03
   Administrative ReviewWhere available, a Home Office review of the decision for caseworking error
4. 04
   Fresh ApplicationA new application that answers the refusal reasons with stronger evidence and a clear narrative statement
5. 05
   Pre-Action LetterA letter to the Home Office setting out the legal grounds and the remedy sought, before any claim
6. 06
   Judicial ReviewA claim to the Upper Tribunal where the decision is unlawful, with permission first
7. 07
   OutcomeThe decision set aside and sent back for reconsideration, or the matter proceeds on fresh grounds

Visitor visa refusals carry no appeal or administrative review, so the route is chosen with that in view.

United States courts, under US federal law, with state rules alongside.

1. 01
   ScopeWhether the communications are wire, oral or electronic, and which rules apply to the matter
2. 02
   AuthorityWhether a court order, a statutory exception or valid consent covers the interception
3. 03
   ApplicationThe government applies on oath to a judge, setting out the facts and the offence involved
4. 04
   FindingsThe judge must find probable cause and that ordinary investigative methods have failed or are unlikely to succeed
5. 05
   OrderThe order sets the target, facility, offence and a limited period, with unrelated communications minimised
6. 06
   ExecutionProviders give the assistance the order requires, and the recordings are protected and sealed
7. 07
   Notice and ChallengeAffected parties are later notified and may move to suppress an unlawful interception

Advice is given against the rules in force at the time, and state law may add further requirements.

United States courts, under US federal law, with state rules alongside.

1. 01
   ScopeWhether the data sought is routing and addressing information, not the content of communications
2. 02
   AuthorityWhether a court order, a provider operations exception or user consent applies
3. 03
   ApplicationA government attorney or state officer applies to the court and certifies relevance to an ongoing criminal investigation
4. 04
   OrderThe court order identifies the facility, the identifier, the offence and a limited period
5. 05
   Non-DisclosureThe order is sealed and the provider is directed not to disclose it or the investigation
6. 06
   Provider AssistanceThe provider supplies the technical assistance required, with compensation and protection for good-faith compliance
7. 07
   Extension and ReviewExtensions need fresh findings, and records are returned to the court at the end

Advice is given against the rules in force at the time, and state law may add further requirements.